A Multi-Center Educational Research Regarding Breastfeeding for Pediatrics Residents in Korea

Purpose@#Pediatricians have a significant responsibility to educate mothers about the importance of breastfeeding. However, there have been minimal efforts in the courses of resident training in Korea. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the change in knowledge and attitude before and after a 4-week breastfeeding educational intervention among multicenter residents. @*Methods@#Prospective interventional educational research was designed for residents at eight training hospitals in Korea. Institutional reviews were obtained in each hospital. The education curriculum consisted of 14 courses regarding breastfeeding theory and practice. These materials were used to teach pediatric residents for 4 weeks. Knowledge-based tests were administered before the course, and re-tests were administered after the course using different test items of similar levels. Test scores and survey responses were compared before and after the intervention. @*Results@#A total of 73 residents (1st year 20, 2nd year 23, 3rd year 16, and 4th year residents 14) from eight training hospitals completed the intervention. Their average age was 30.3±2.9 years, 17 (23.3%) were male, 22 (30.1%) were married, and eight had more than one child of their own. The mean pre-test score was 61.8±13.4 and the mean post-test score was 78.3±7.5 (P<0.001). The inter-grade difference in the score was significant in the pre-test (P=0.005), but not significant in the post-test (P=0.155). There were more responses of obtaining confidence after the intervention (P<0.001). @*Conclusion@#In our study, pediatric residents showed improvement in their knowledge and confidence level after 4 weeks of the breastfeeding curriculum. This will provide a basis for future policymaking in the training of pediatric residents regarding breastfeeding in Korea.

Survey on the Status of Breastfeeding in Korean Medical Institution Workers

Background@#Human breast milk is essential and provides irreplaceable nutrients for early humans. However, breastfeeding is not easy for various reasons in medical institution environments. Therefore, in order to improve the breastfeeding environment, we investigated the difficult reality of breastfeeding through questionnaire responses from medical institution workers. @*Methods@#A survey was conducted among 179 medical institution workers with experience in childbirth within the last five years. The survey results of 175 people were analyzed, with incoherent answers excluded. @*Results@#Of the 175 people surveyed, a total of 108 people (61.7%) worked during the day, and 33 people (18.9%) worked in three shifts. Among 133 mothers who stayed with their babies in the same nursing room, 111 (93.3%) kept breastfeeding for more than a month, but among those who stayed apart, only 10 (71.4%) continued breastfeeding for more than a month (P = 0.024). Ninety-five (88.0%) of daytime workers, 32 (94.1%) two-shift workers, and 33 (100%) three-shift workers continued breastfeeding for more than a month (P = 0.026). Workers in general hospitals tended to breastfeed for significantly longer than those that worked in tertiary hospitals (P = 0.003). A difference was also noted between occupation categories (P = 0.019), but a more significant difference was found in the comparison between nurses and doctors (P = 0.012). Longer breastfeeding periods were noted when mothers worked three shifts (P = 0.037). Depending on the period planned for breastfeeding prior to childbirth, the actual breastfeeding maintenance period after birth showed a significant difference (P = 0.002). Of 112 mothers who responded to the question regarding difficulties in breastfeeding after returning to work, 87 (77.7%) mentioned a lack of time caused by being busy at work, 82 (73.2%) mentioned the need for places and appropriate circumstances. @*Conclusion@#In medical institutions, it is recommended that environmental improvements in medical institutions, the implementation of supporting policies, and the provision of specialized education on breastfeeding are necessary to promote breastfeeding.

Outcome of Neonates with Agenesis of Septum Pellucidum: A Retrospective Single Center Study

PURPOSE: Agenesis of the septum pellucidum (ASP) is a very rare disease that can be isolated or associated with other brain abnormalities. The neurological prognosis of isolated ASP remains controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of neonates with ASP. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 12 neonates with isolated ASP or ASP combined with other brain abnormalities who were born at Cheil General Hospital & Women's Healthcare Center between January 2007 and December 2017. RESULTS: Of the 12 neonates, six were identified prenatally and six were identified postnatally. Isolated ASP was found in eight neonates; of these, four were detected antenatally. ASP associated with other brain abnormalities was found in four neonates. ASP was complete in nine neonates, including six with isolated ASP, and partial in three, including two with isolated ASP. Six of the eight neonates with isolated ASP had normal neurological development, except two who were lost to follow-up. Among the four neonates with other associated brain abnormalities, two had delayed motor development and a seizure, one had normal development, and one was lost to follow-up. In all neonates, ophthalmological examination revealed no optic nerve abnormalities. CONCLUSION: Isolated ASP seems to have a good neurological prognosis without ocular problems. This result needs to be confirmed by larger prospective studies over a longer developmental timeline.

Diagnostic Clues for Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: Association with Newborn Hearing Screening Tests

PURPOSE: To investigate clinical markers for the diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and determine the correlation between abnormal newborn hearing screening results and asymptomatic congenital CMV infection. METHODS: Medical records of newborns with congenital CMV infection, born at Cheil General Hospital & Women's Healthcare Center from July 2008 to June 2018, were retrospectively reviewed. Infants with congenital CMV infection were classified into “symptomatic,” “asymptomatic,” and “asymptomatic with isolated abnormal automated auditory brainstem response (AABR)” groups. Clinical data were analyzed based on this classification. RESULTS: Among the 59,424 live births, congenital CMV infection was found in 25 neonates, including 19 symptomatic (0.03%) infants, two asymptomatic, and four asymptomatic with isolated abnormal AABR. Diagnostic clues for the identification of congenital CMV infection were intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), including microcephaly in 10 infants (40.0%), abnormal AABR in four (16.0%), initial complicated signs in four (16.0%), and abnormal findings on brain ultrasonography in three (12.0%). Other less common markers included petechiae, abnormal findings on antenatal ultrasonography, and co-twin with CMV infection. During the recent 10 years, 53,094 of 59,424 newborns (89.3%) had AABR for hearing screening and 493 (0.9%) did not pass. Among them, 477 (96.8%) were screened for CMV, and results were positive for seven (1.5%). Among the seven infants, four had asymptomatic congenital CMV infection. Overall, 0.8% of the newborns with abnormal AABR (four of 477 infants) were diagnosed as having asymptomatic congenital CMV infection. CONCLUSION: The incidence of symptomatic congenital CMV infection was 0.03%, and 0.8% of infants who failed in the newborn hearing screening tests had asymptomatic congenital CMV infection. The most common clinical marker to diagnose congenital CMV infection was IUGR, including microcephaly, and the second isolated marker was abnormal AABR.

Early Detection and Successful Treatment of Vertically Transmitted Fulminant Enteroviral Infection Associated with Various Forms of Arrhythmia and Severe Hepatitis with Coagulopathy

Enteroviral infections are common in neonates. One important infection pathway is vertical transmission from an infected mother to her neonate. Here, we report the early detection and successful treatment of a vertically transmitted fulminant enteroviral infection associated with myocarditis and hepatitis. The patient had a sudden onset of high fever on the fourth day of life and developed severe, rapidly progressing symptoms of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC), hepatitis, and myocarditis accompanied by tachyarrhythmia. As it was the peak season for enteroviral infections and both the mother and the patient's 36-month-old sibling had a high fever around the time of delivery, we suspected an enteroviral infection. Thus, we initiated prompt evaluation of enteroviral infection, as well as close observation and intensive care of the neonate. We strongly recommend evaluation for the possibility of vertical enterovirus infection in neonates when the mother is suspected of having a viral infection (e.g., high fever and negative results from bacterial infectious studies) around the time of delivery and when the neonate shows some early symptoms of infectious diseases such as thrombocytopenia, DIC, hepatitis, and myocarditis. Early detection of enteroviral infections and prompt implementation of proper treatment are key to reduce the risk of complications and mortality associated with enteroviral infections in neonates.

RASA1-Related Parkes Weber Syndrome in a Neonate

Parkes Weber syndrome is a rare congenital vascular anomaly, related to the RAS p21 protein activator 1 (RASA1) gene. It is characterized by capillary cutaneous malformations, bony and soft tissue hyperplasia, and multiple arteriovenous fistulas throughout the affected upper or lower extremity. These arteriovenous fistulas can be associated with life-threatening complications such as bleeding, thrombosis, and high output heart failure. In this report, we present a neonate who had a disproportionately hypertrophied left upper limb with port-wine stain, dystrophy of the left humerus, and hypertrophy of the left clavicle on X-ray, and arteriovenous malformation and massive dilatation of the left subclavian artery on magnetic resonance angiography. Exome sequencing analysis revealed a novel heterozygous splicing mutation (c.1776+2T>A) in the RASA1 gene. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first case of RASA1-related Parkes Weber syndrome in Korea.

Use of child safety seats during transportation of newborns / 소아과

PURPOSE: Child safety seats (CSS) are critical for the protection of children, in case of motor vehicle accidents. Although the national legislation mandates that all newborns must be placed in an appropriately installed CSS during transportation, people often do not perceive the importance of CSS and do not use it as recommended. The purpose of this survey was to understand the use of CSS for the safe transport of newborns from hospital to home. METHODS: We interviewed parents of newborn infants, using a structured questionnaire, at the time of their discharge from Cheil General Hospital & Women’s Health Care Center, between May 2014 and July 2014. RESULTS: A total of 403 participants were interviewed. The rate of CSS use was only 14.9%. Overall, 76.4% of the families interviewed were not aware about the recommendations on CSS use for newborns when travelling in a car. The provision of education on using CSS significantly influenced their rate of use. Parents who were educated about mounting the CSS in a car used it more as compared with others (25.7% vs. 12.2%) (P=0.002). Furthermore, if parents had heard about the importance or necessity of CSS, they used it more than others did (19.5% vs. 10.6%, P=0.032). CONCLUSION: Despite the legal regulation, most parents transport their newborn infants without a CSS while traveling from hospital to their home. The rate of CSS use was influenced by parental education and their knowledge about its necessity. Education programs for parents must be reinforced to increase the CSS use.

Sudden unexpected cardio-respiratory arrest after venipuncture in children / 소아과

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the clinical and socioenvironmental characteristics of sudden cardiorespiratory arrest after venipuncture in children. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective email-based survey of all members of the Korean Pediatric Society. The questionnaire included items on patient demographics, socioenvironmental circumstances of the venipuncture, type of cardiorespiratory arrest, symptoms and signs, treatment, prognosis, and presumed cause of the arrest. RESULTS: Fourteen patients were identified. Of these, 13 were young children (< 2 years old), and 1 was 14 years old. All patients had been previously healthy and had no specific risk factors for sudden cardiorespiratory arrest. Most cases (n=11, 79%) were defined as cardiac or cardiorespiratory arrest, while the remaining cases (n=3, 21%) were defined as respiratory arrest. Aspiration (n=3), acute myocarditis (n=2), and laryngeal chemoreflex (n=1) were presumed as the causes; however, the exact causes were unclear. The overall prognosis was poor (death, n=7; morbidity, n=5; full recovery, n=2). The medical institutions faced severe backlash because of these incidents (out-of-court settlement, n=5; medical lawsuit, n=5; continuous harassment, n=3). CONCLUSION: Cardiorespiratory arrest after venipuncture is unpredictable and the probable cause of most cases is a vasovagal reaction. Medical personnel must be aware of the risk of unexpected cardiorespiratory arrest during routine intravenous procedures.

The First Newborn Screening Study of T-Cell Receptor Excision Circle and κ- Deleting Recombination Excision Circle for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency in Korea: A Pilot Study

PURPOSE: Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is the most serious form of primary immunodeficiency. Infants with SCID are susceptible to life-threatening infections. To establish newborn screening for SCID in Korea, we performed a screening test for T-cell receptor excision circle (TREC) and κ-deleting recombination excision circle (KREC) in neonates and investigated the awareness of SCID among their parents. METHODS: Collections of dried blood spots from neonates and parent surveys were performed at the Samsung Medical Center and Cheil General Hospital & Women's Healthcare Center in Korea. The amplification crossing point (Cp) value 39.0 was defined as negative. RESULTS: For TREC/KREC screening, 141 neonates were enrolled; 63 (44.7%) were male. One hundred forty neonates (99.3%) had positive TREC/KREC results at the time of the initial test; 82.3% and 75.9% were positive and 17.0% and 23.4% were weakly positive for TREC and KREC, respectively. In one neonate (0.7%), the initial TREC/KREC test result was negative. However, repeated tests obtained and confirmed a positive result. For an awareness survey, 168 parents were engaged. Only 2% of parents (3/168) knew that the newborn screening test for SCID had been introduced and performed in other countries. Eighty-four percent of parents (141/168) replied that nationwide newborn SCID screening should be performed in Korean newborns. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, newborn SCID screening was performed along with assessment of public awareness of the SCID test in Korea. The study results showed that newborn SCID screening can be readily applied for clinical use at a relatively low cost in Korea.

Clinical Experiences with Febrile Infants, Younger than Three Months, with Urinary Tract Infection in a Single Center for Four Years: Incidence, Pathogens and Viral Co-infections

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence and microbiological characteristics of urinary tract infection in infants aged younger three months and to compare with other infection with positive urine culture. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 425 infants with a tympanic temperature >37.6℃, aged younger than three months, who were admitted to Cheil General Hospital in Seoul, Korea, from January 2013 to December 2016. Demographic and clinical features, laboratory findings, respiratory virus PCR and the pathogens of a urine culture were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 88 infants (63 males, 25 females) had urinary pathogens detected in the urine culture test. The incidence of UTI in febrile infants aged younger 3 months was 11%. The most common pathogen which causes UTI was E. coli as same as in previous studies. They were divided into a UTI group (n=48) and a non-UTI group (n=40). In comparison of both group, leukocytosis, C-reactive protein level, Absolute neutrophil count level, peak temperature is statistically significant. In both group, there were co-infections with viral pathogens in some cases, and the odd ratio of non-UTI group with viral infection was 3.28. CONCLUSION: The study determined the incidence and pathogen of UTI in febrile infants, aged younger three months. E. coli was responsible for the majority UTI. There were some viral co-infections in febrile infants with bacteriuria and incidence was higher in non-UTI group. WBC count, ANC count and CRP level were the differentiating factors of UTI from non-UTI group.

Clinical Experiences with Febrile Infants, Younger than Three Months, with Urinary Tract Infection in a Single Center for Four Years: Incidence, Pathogens and Viral Co-infections

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence and microbiological characteristics of urinary tract infection in infants aged younger three months and to compare with other infection with positive urine culture. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 425 infants with a tympanic temperature >37.6℃, aged younger than three months, who were admitted to Cheil General Hospital in Seoul, Korea, from January 2013 to December 2016. Demographic and clinical features, laboratory findings, respiratory virus PCR and the pathogens of a urine culture were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 88 infants (63 males, 25 females) had urinary pathogens detected in the urine culture test. The incidence of UTI in febrile infants aged younger 3 months was 11%. The most common pathogen which causes UTI was E. coli as same as in previous studies. They were divided into a UTI group (n=48) and a non-UTI group (n=40). In comparison of both group, leukocytosis, C-reactive protein level, Absolute neutrophil count level, peak temperature is statistically significant. In both group, there were co-infections with viral pathogens in some cases, and the odd ratio of non-UTI group with viral infection was 3.28. CONCLUSION: The study determined the incidence and pathogen of UTI in febrile infants, aged younger three months. E. coli was responsible for the majority UTI. There were some viral co-infections in febrile infants with bacteriuria and incidence was higher in non-UTI group. WBC count, ANC count and CRP level were the differentiating factors of UTI from non-UTI group.

Maternal food restrictions during breastfeeding / 소아과

PURPOSE: This study investigated self-food restriction during breastfeeding, reviewed the literature showing the effect of maternal diet on the health of breast-fed infants, and explored the validity of dietary restrictions. METHODS: Questionnaire data were collected from breastfeeding Korean mothers who visited the pediatric clinic of Cheil General Hospital & Women's Healthcare Center from July 2015 through August 2015. The survey included items assessing maternal age, number of children, maternal educational attainment, household income, degree of difficulty with self-food restriction, types of self-restricted foods, dietary customs during breastfeeding, and sources of information about breastfeeding. RESULTS: The questionnaire was completed by 145 mothers. More than a third (n=56, 39%) had discomfort from and usually avoided 4–5 types of food (mean, 4.92). Mothers younger than 40 years had more discomfort (odds ratio [OR], 12.762; P=0.017). Primiparas felt less discomfort than multiparas (OR, 0.436; P=0.036). Dietary practices were not influenced by maternal educational attainment or household income. The most common self-restricted foods were caffeine (n=131, 90.3%), spicy foods (n=124, 85.5%), raw foods (n=109, 75.2%), cold foods (n=100, 69%), and sikhye (traditional sweet Korean rice beverage) (n=100, 69%). Most mothers (n=122, 84.1%) avoided foods for vague reasons. CONCLUSION: Most mothers restricted certain foods unnecessarily. Literature review identified no foods that mothers should absolutely avoid during breastfeeding unless the infant reacts negatively to the food.

Clinical Significance of Neonatal Lenticulostriate Vasculopathy: Association with Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection

PURPOSE: To investigate clinical characteristics of neonates with lenticulostriate vasculopathy (LSV) and determine the correlation between LSV and clinical characteristics, especially congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of neonates with LSV, born at Cheil General Hospital between January 2005 and December 2015. LSV was graded into three groups based on the number of the LSV lesions and classified into an isolated and combined group showing LSV with coexistent abnormalities noted on brain sonography. We compared clinical data based on the LSV classification. RESULTS: Our study included 102 neonates with LSV, which showed an unilateral pattern in 10 and bilateral pattern in 92 neonates. The numbers of neonates studied based on LSV grading were 33, 53, and 16 in grade 1, 2, and 3, respectively. We observed the isolated LSV in 62 and the combined type in 40 neonates. We observed that 93 (91.2%) of the neonates with LSV did not show specific underlying cause for this condition. Congenital CMV infection was detected in 7 neonates, including 0, 5, and 2 neonates belonging to grade 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Among these, 2 neonates showed the isolated, and 5 showed the combined type of LSV. Statistically, congenital CMV infection was more significantly associated with LSV in grade 2 and 3 than in grade 1 (P < 0.05). Additionally, congenital CMV infection was more commonly observed in the combined than in the isolated LSV type showing a marginal association (P=0.07). CONCLUSION: We observed that LSV was not clinically significant except when associated with CMV infection. We suggest that neonates presenting with a grade 2 or higher of LSV or a combined type of LSV detected via neonatal brain ultrasonography should be evaluated for CMV infection.

Predicting Factors of Roseola Infantum Infected with Human Herpesvirus 6 from Urinary Tract Infection

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and laboratory features of infants with roseola infantum due to human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) infection and those with urinary tract infection (UTI). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of children who were hospitalized at Cheil General Hospital and Women's Health Care Center, College of Medicine, Dankook University, and diagnosed as having HHV6 infection or UTI. RESULTS: Among the infants admitted between September 2014 and May 2016, 92 (male, 45 and female, 47) were included in the study and divided into a HHV6 infection group (n=50) and a UTI group (n=42). The relative risk of UTI compared with that of HHV6 infection increased with pyuria (P<0.001), increased with leukocytosis (mean white blood cell [WBC] count, 15,048±5,756/mm³ vs 87,916±54,056/mm³; P<0.001), increased with C-reactive protein (CRP) level (4.89±4.85 mg/dL vs 1.04±1.76 mg/dL; P<0.001), and younger age (6.3±3.2 months vs 18.3±12.6 months; P<0.001). The relative risk of HHV6 infection compared with that of UTI increased with fever duration (4.3±1.7 days vs 2.8±1.7 days; P<0.001) and decreased with platelet (PLT) count (373±94×10³/mm³ vs 229±90×10³/mm³; P<0.001). No significant differences were found between the HHV6 groups according to the presence or absence of pyuria. CONCLUSION: Pyuria, age, fever duration, WBC count, CRP level, and PLT count were the differentiating factors of HHV6 infection from UTI. However, sterile pyuria can occur in children with HHV6 infection. In the presence of pyuria, CRP level and PLT count were the strong predictors of UTI compared with HHV6.

The Prenatal and Postnatal Incidence of Congenital Anomalies of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract (CAKUT) Detected by Ultrasound

PURPOSE: Congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract (CAKUT) are the most common anomalies identified in newborns. This study aims to demonstrate the prevalence of CAKUT including hydronephrosis diagnosed by antenatal and postnatal ultrasound over a five-year period. METHODS: The records of births between May 1st, 2009 and April 30th, 2014 at our hospital were collected. The number of infants who underwent renal ultrasound after birth for the detection of CAKUT was counted. The incidence of each type of CAKUT such as hydronephrosis, size abnormality, horseshoe kidney, and Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) was retrospectively evaluated for antenatal screening and postnatal follow-up examination. RESULTS: During the study period, 33,276 infants were born and 521 neonates underwent postnatal renal ultrasound. 183 cases of CAKUT were detected prenatally and 140 postnatally using ultrasonographic examinations at the following time: (i) 3-7 days postnatally in 123 newborns (87.9%), (ii) during 1-3 months in 11 newborns (7.9%), and (iii) later than 3 months in 6 newborns (4.3%). Among diagnosed CAKUT, hydronephrosis was the most common anomaly with 113 newborns diagnosed prenatally and 46 postnatally. Duplex kidney was the second most common anomaly followed by horseshoe kidney, simple cysts in the kidney and so on. CONCLUSION: The detection of CAKUT is an important part of the prenatal ultrasound. This study analyzed the prevalence of CAKUT detected on prenatal screening and compared the results to those detected postnatally. Prenatal ultrasound screening fulfills the needs of postnatal examinations and therefore, both antenatal and postnatal sonographic investigations are of vital importance for diagnosis of renal and urinary tract anomalies.

Development of a More Effective Hearing Screening Questionnaire for Infants and Children during Medical Check-Ups / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To improve hearing screening, we developed a more effective hearing screening questionnaire for infants and children to be utilized during medical check-ups. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Through literature review and discussions with an advisory council, we selected 10 questions to ask parents at each of the seven screening periods for their infants and children. In total, 223 parents of infants and children with and without hearing impairment (119 normal hearing, 104 hearing impaired) answered questionnaires at seven university hospitals in Korea. The advisory council modified questions with regard to sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative prediction rate, preventing duplication among screening periods, and to address other questions related to development. RESULTS: For hearing screens, we asked five questions per screening period. Collectively, these questions had 40-100% sensitivity and 45-90% specificity at each of the seven screening periods. CONCLUSION: Although we do not advise that hearing questionnaires replace hearing tests, we developed in this study a more effective questionnaire that we suggest could be utilized during medical check-ups to enhance the hearing screening process.

A Case of Spontaneous Twin Anemia-Polycythemia Sequence

Twin anemia-polycythemia sequence (TAPS) is characterized by the transfer of blood via intertwin vascular anastomoses in a single placenta. It differs from twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) in that amniotic fluid levels remain normal during pregnancy. Since the concept of TAPS was first introduced in 2007, some cases have been reported abroad, but no such a case has been reported in Korea. Here, we report the first case of spontaneous TAPS in Korea.

Appropriate Body Temperature Measurement Method for Parents of Infants

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to find a method for parents to easily and accurately measure their infant's body temperature following instructions and to recommend such method as the standard for parents at home. METHODS: Parents of 120 pediatric patients who were brought to the emergency room or well-baby clinic of a general hospital in Seoul were informed of correct ways to measure children's body temperature using digital and infrared thermometers. They were then asked to measure their children's body temperature. We observed and assessed the accuracy of the technique for each measuring method. Difficulty of each method was evaluated by the feedback from parents after the measurement. The correlation was analyzed between axillary, tympanic, or forehead temperature and rectal temperature, and the differences of accuracy and difficulty were compared between the measurement methods. RESULTS: Better accuracy was observed when parents measured the tympanic (87.5%) or axillary temperature (83.3%), rather than the forehead (76.7%) or rectal temperature (47.5%) (p<0.05). More parents indicated ease of use when they measured the forehead (89.2%) or tympanic (80.0%) temperature, rather than the axillary (60.0%) or rectal temperature (5.8%) (p<0.05). The axillary, tympanic, and forehead temperatures correlated well with the rectal temperature when measured accurately by parents (r=0.974, 0.976, 0.942, respectively). CONCLUSION: As parents measured the tympanic temperature using an infrared thermometer with the most accuracy and ease, using this method is recommended as the standard method to measure infant's body temperature at home.

Clinical Significance of Epidural Hematoma Related to Birth in Newborn / 대한주산의학회잡지

PURPOSE: Epidural hematoma (EDH) in newborn is very rare, but when it occurs it is usually due to birth injury. We have evaluated the incidence and clinical features of EDH related to birth in newborn. METHODS: We analyzed medical records of 12 newborns diagnosed with EDH at Cheil General Hospital and Women's Health Care Center from January 2000 to December 2015 retrospectively. RESULTS: The incidence of EDH related to birth was 0.01%, occurring in 1 of 10,000 live births. Of the total 12 cases, 10 occurred in male and 8 in vaginal delivery. Among them, 11 infants had evidences of birth injury. Clinical presentation was nonspecific: only 1 infant had neurologic symptoms. The temporooccipital area was the most frequent location of EDH. The median size of EDH was 3.2±0.8 cm in length and 1.2±0.7 cm in depth. Mass effect accompanied with midline shift on radiologic imaging was shown in one case. Surgical drainage was needed only in one infant with neurologic symptom and mass effect on radiologic imaging, while the others were treated conservatively. CONCLUSION: Neonatal EDH related to birth was treated conservatively in most cases. The radiologic mass effect and neurologic symptom should be considered as indication for surgical intervention.

A 12-Year Retrospective Study of Survival Rates and Outcomes of Very Low Birth Weight Infants in a Single Center

PURPOSE: To investigate the outcomes and survival rates of very low birth weight infants (VLBWI) born over a 12-year period in a single center. METHODS: A retrospective review of 613 VLBWI born from January 2000 to December 2011 was performed. We compared the incidence, survival rate, and morbidity of infants classified according to their birth weight or gestational age for the following periods: Period I (2000-2002), Period II (2003-2005), Period III (2006-2008), and Period IV (2009-2011). RESULTS: The incidence of VLBWI was 0.7%, while the overall survival rate was 94.9%. The survival rates were 92.8%, 92.9%, 95.9%, and 97.5% for periods I, II, III and IV, respectively; the rates improved significantly over time (P or =grade III), 8.5%; sepsis, 6.5%; cystic periventricular leukomalacia, 3.8%; necrotizing enterocolitis (> or =grade II), 3.4%; and intraventricular hemorrhage (> or =grade III), 2.3%. A significant decrease was seen in some clinical parameters: the time to start feeding, duration of parenteral nutrition, and duration required to reach full enteral feeding in every successive three-year period (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The overall survival rate of VLBWI born between January 2000 and December 2011 was 94.9%. This survival rate was found to increase significantly in each successive three-year period starting January 2000.